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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Cell Cycle-specific Measurement of &#947;H2AX and Apoptosis After Genotoxic Stress by Flow Cytometry
08:21

Cell Cycle-specific Measurement of γH2AX and Apoptosis After Genotoxic Stress by Flow Cytometry

Published on: September 1, 2019

Increased tRNA modification and gene-specific codon usage regulate cell cycle progression during the DNA damage

Ashish Patil1, Madhu Dyavaiah, Fraulin Joseph

  • 1College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|September 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA damage response involves tRNA modifications regulating cell cycle progression. The Trm9 enzyme and 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine modification enhance ribonucleotide reductase translation for S-phase entry.

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Visualizing Single-Stranded DNA Foci in the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle
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Visualizing Single-Stranded DNA Foci in the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle

Published on: December 22, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • DNA damage and S-phase progression increase ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) activity.
  • RNR1 translation is linked to tRNA methyltransferase 9 (Trm9), a wobble uridine modifying enzyme.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if tRNA modification translationally regulates RNR1 after DNA damage to promote cell cycle progression.
  • To determine the role of Trm9 and its associated tRNA modification in the DNA damage response.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine (mcm(5)U) levels during the cell cycle in hydroxyurea-treated cells.
  • Codon-reporter assays to assess Trm9 activity and RNR1 translation.
  • Comparison of cell cycle progression and Rnr1 protein levels in wild-type and trm9Δ cells.
  • Codon re-engineering of RNR1 in trm9Δ cells.

Main Results:

  • Trm9-dependent mcm(5)U modification increases in hydroxyurea-induced S-phase cells and oscillates during the cell cycle.
  • mcm(5)U levels correlate with Trm9 activity and efficient translation of AGA codons and RNR1.
  • trm9Δ cells exhibit reduced Rnr1 protein levels and delayed S-phase entry after DNA damage.
  • Codon re-engineering of RNR1 rescues the S-phase entry defect and Rnr1 protein levels in trm9Δ cells.

Conclusions:

  • Codon usage and tRNA modification are integral regulatory components of the DNA damage response.
  • These mechanisms play crucial roles in facilitating cell cycle progression following DNA damage.