Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Directional Relays

Directional Relays

Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...

Differential Relays

Differential Relays

Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:

Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

The fast decoupled power flow method addresses contingencies in power system operations, such as generator outages or transmission line failures. This method provides quick power flow solutions, essential for real-time system adjustments. Fast decoupled power flow algorithms simplify the Jacobian matrix by neglecting certain elements, leading to two sets of decoupled equations:

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits

Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits

Determining the subtransient fault current in a power system involves representing transformers by their leakage reactances, transmission lines by their equivalent series reactances, and synchronous machines as constant voltage sources behind their subtransient reactances. In this analysis, certain elements are excluded, such as winding resistances, series resistances, shunt admittances, delta-Y phase shifts, armature resistance, saturation, saliency, non-rotating impedance loads, and small...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Nitrotyrosine, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are increased in thyroid tumors from children and adolescents.

Journal of endocrinological investigation·2002

Same author

Varicose veins possess greater quantities of MMP-1 than normal veins and demonstrate regional variation in MMP-1 and MMP-13.

The Journal of surgical research·2002

Same author

Transtracheal high frequency jet ventilation and iatrogenic injury.

British journal of anaesthesia·2002

Same author

Gallbladder disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus--a clinic-based study.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India·2002

Same author

Coaxial breathing system outer tube occlusion: what goes in must come out.

Anaesthesia·2002

Same author

Management of mobile laryngeal tumours.

Anaesthesia·2002

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Tuning a Parallel Segmented Flow Column and Enabling Multiplexed Detection

Tuning a Parallel Segmented Flow Column and Enabling Multiplexed Detection

Published on: December 15, 2015

Novel synchronization technique for two parallel connected sparkgap switches.

Rohit Kumar¹, S Mitra, A Patel

¹Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|September 4, 2012

Summary

This study presents a novel circuit for synchronizing sparkgap switches with 1-5 ns accuracy, crucial for high-frequency pulsed power applications. The design utilizes a master sparkgap and passive components for precise timing control.

More Related Videos

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Published on: February 1, 2020

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Published on: September 3, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Tuning a Parallel Segmented Flow Column and Enabling Multiplexed Detection

Tuning a Parallel Segmented Flow Column and Enabling Multiplexed Detection

Published on: December 15, 2015

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Published on: February 1, 2020

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Published on: September 3, 2015

Area of Science:

Electrical Engineering
Pulsed Power Systems
High-Frequency Electronics

Background:

Precise synchronization of sparkgap switches is critical for efficient operation in high-frequency pulsed power systems.
Existing synchronization methods often lack the required nanosecond-level accuracy for demanding applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and validate a novel circuit topology for synchronizing two parallel-connected sparkgap switches.
To achieve synchronization accuracies within the 1-5 nanosecond range for high-frequency pulsed power applications.

Main Methods:

The proposed circuit employs a master sparkgap, inductors, and capacitors for synchronization.
Control is facilitated using an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) switch.
Analytical calculations, simulations, and experimental verification were conducted.

Main Results:

Experimental results demonstrate synchronization accuracies of 1-5 nanoseconds.
The novel topology proved effective in achieving precise timing control.
Simulations and analysis support the experimental findings.

Conclusions:

The developed circuit offers a reliable method for achieving high-accuracy synchronization of sparkgap switches.
This advancement is significant for improving the performance of high-frequency pulsed power systems.
The design provides a controllable and precise solution for critical timing requirements.