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Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Toxicology testing in alternative specimen matrices.

Donald L Frederick¹

¹Pathology Department, Peoria Tazewell Pathology Group, 221 NE Glen Oak Avenue, Peoria, IL 61636, USA. dfredpeoria@gmail.com

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine

|September 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Toxicology testing increasingly uses alternative specimens beyond blood, serum, or urine. Advanced instrumentation, like liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, enables detection of low toxin concentrations in these novel samples.

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Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Toxicology
Biochemistry

Background:

Traditional toxicology testing primarily relies on serum, blood, or urine analysis.
Direct sampling from sites of action (e.g., nerve endings, cellular receptors) is often impractical.
Plasma and serum offer advantages for monitoring due to minimal red blood cell interference.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the evolution of toxicology testing methodologies.
To discuss the utility of alternative biological specimens in toxicological analysis.
To underscore the impact of advanced instrumentation on expanding testing capabilities.

Main Methods:

Review of current toxicology testing practices.
Discussion of specimen types beyond conventional blood, serum, and urine.
Emphasis on the role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Main Results:

Alternative specimens are becoming increasingly important in toxicology.
Newer instrumentation facilitates the analysis of these alternative matrices.
LC-MS/MS enables the detection of low concentrations of drugs, metabolites, and toxins in diverse samples.

Conclusions:

The scope of toxicology testing is expanding beyond traditional matrices.
Technological advancements are crucial for analyzing novel specimens.
Analysis of alternative specimens provides valuable toxicological insights.