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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Massimo R Mannarino1, Francesco Di Filippo, Matteo Pirro

  • 1Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. massimo.mannarino@unipg.it

European Journal of Internal Medicine
|September 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder linked to obesity. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is effective but often poorly tolerated, highlighting the need for better treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent, often undiagnosed condition caused by airway collapse during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep and daytime sleepiness.
  • Obesity, a major risk factor, is driving an epidemic of OSA, posing a significant public health challenge.
  • OSA is associated with numerous comorbidities, including hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, heart failure, and cardiovascular diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis, treatment, and public health implications of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  • To discuss the role of polysomnography in OSA diagnosis and severity assessment.
  • To evaluate current therapeutic options for OSA, including CPAP, behavioral, medical, and surgical approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation of symptoms like snoring and sleepiness, combined with objective sleep study findings.
  • Polysomnography is the gold standard for confirming OSA, assessing severity, and guiding treatment decisions.
  • Review of existing literature on the efficacy and tolerability of various OSA treatments.

Main Results:

  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the primary treatment, effective in reducing OSA symptoms and associated cardiovascular and neurocognitive issues.
  • CPAP is often poorly tolerated by patients, limiting its widespread effectiveness.
  • Surgery and pharmacological therapies are not recommended as first-line treatments but may benefit select patients.

Conclusions:

  • OSA is a growing public health concern due to rising obesity rates.
  • While CPAP is effective, poor tolerance necessitates research into alternative and improved therapeutic strategies.
  • Further understanding of OSA mechanisms is crucial for developing better treatments and mitigating its societal impact.