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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
07:55

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence

Published on: June 26, 2020

Visualizing global effects of the DNA damage response.

Peter H Thorpe1, Rodney Rothstein

  • 1MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK. pthorpe@nimr.mrc.ac.uk

Nature Cell Biology
|September 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA damage impacts protein levels and locations in living cells. While many proteins alter their concentration or position, few change both simultaneously.

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA damage is a critical cellular event with broad biological consequences.
  • Understanding cellular responses to DNA damage is crucial for fields ranging from cancer research to aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze the impact of DNA damage on proteome-wide protein levels and subcellular localization in living cells.
  • To determine the extent to which proteins alter their concentration versus their position within the cell upon DNA damage.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale proteomic analysis was performed in living cells subjected to DNA damage.
  • Protein levels were quantified using mass spectrometry.
  • Protein localization was assessed using high-resolution microscopy and cell-wide imaging.

Main Results:

  • A significant number of proteins were found to change either their concentration or their subcellular localization in response to DNA damage.
  • However, proteins rarely exhibited simultaneous changes in both concentration and localization.
  • The study provides a near-complete map of protein dynamics following DNA damage.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular responses to DNA damage involve dynamic rearrangements of protein levels and localization.
  • The observed dissociation between changes in protein concentration and localization suggests distinct regulatory mechanisms are at play.
  • This work offers a foundational resource for understanding the complex proteome-wide response to DNA damage.