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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: April 27, 2014

Transcranial current brain stimulation (tCS): models and technologies.

Giulio Ruffini¹, Fabrice Wendling, Isabelle Merlet

¹Starlab Neuroscience Research, Starlab Barcelona, 08022 Barcelona, Spain. giulio.ruffini@starlab.es

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

|September 6, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This paper overviews transcranial current brain stimulation (tCS) models and technologies, including tDCS, tACS, and tRNS. It explores the biophysics, simulation, and neural interactions of these noninvasive brain stimulation techniques.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biophysics
Medical Engineering

Background:

Transcranial current stimulation (tCS) encompasses noninvasive brain stimulation methods like tDCS, tACS, and tRNS.
These techniques utilize weak electrical currents delivered via the scalp to modulate neural activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of tCS models and technologies.
To review the biophysics, simulation, and neural interaction mechanisms of tCS.
To identify future research directions in tCS.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on tCS biophysics and simulation.
Analysis of models for electric field generation and interaction with neurons.
Survey of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.

Main Results:

Detailed explanation of the principles behind tCS, including current intensity and electric field amplitudes.
Discussion of computational models for simulating electric fields in the brain.
Summary of experimental findings on tCS effects on neural tissue.

Conclusions:

tCS techniques offer a noninvasive approach to modulate brain activity.
Further research is needed to refine models and technological applications of tCS.
Future directions include advancements in fundamental understanding and technological development.