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Updated: May 18, 2026

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
Published on: March 24, 2023
Growing up with a cochlear implant: education, vocation, and affiliation
Linda J Spencer1, J Bruce Tomblin, Bruce J Gantz
1Department of Special Education/Communication Disorders and Sciences, New Mexico State University, 2850 Weddell Street, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA. spencer1@nmsu.edu
Children with bilateral, profound hearing loss who received cochlear implants achieved high educational success and reported high life satisfaction. Most developed a dual identity, comfortably navigating both Deaf and hearing communities.
Area of Science:
- Audiology
- Developmental Psychology
- Rehabilitation Medicine
Background:
- Bilateral, profound hearing loss presents significant challenges to child development.
- Cochlear implantation is a key intervention for restoring auditory function in deaf children.
- Long-term outcomes of cochlear implantation require ongoing investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the long-term educational, vocational, affiliation, and quality-of-life outcomes for children with bilateral, profound hearing loss who received cochlear implants.
- To assess identity formation and social integration in this cohort.
- To identify factors influencing outcomes in pediatric cochlear implant users.
Main Methods:
- Longitudinal study of 41 participants from the first two NIH-funded cohorts receiving cochlear implants.
- Data collection via user surveys, Satisfaction-with-Life scale, and Deaf Identity Scale.
- Qualitative and quantitative analysis of educational, vocational, affiliation, and quality-of-life data.
Main Results:
- Participants achieved high educational attainment and reported very high life satisfaction compared to hearing peers.
- Most participants developed a dual identity, feeling comfortable in both Deaf and hearing social contexts.
- Significant relationships found between speech ability, device use, parental education, and communication methods.
Conclusions:
- Cochlear implantation in children with profound hearing loss supports successful educational and social integration.
- Concerns about cultural alienation are diminished; individuals can thrive in the hearing world.
- Early intervention and consistent device use are crucial for optimal outcomes.
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