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Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

Measuring ambiguity in HLA typing methods.

Vanja Paunić¹, Loren Gragert, Abeer Madbouly

¹Bioinformatics Research, National Marrow Donor Program, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.

|September 7, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing ambiguity impacts hematopoietic stem cell transplantation donor selection. Single-pass SBT typing methods offer the least ambiguity, improving donor matching accuracy and reliability for registries.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

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Published on: September 6, 2017

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

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Published on: March 6, 2009

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

Area of Science:

Immunogenetics
Transplantation immunology
Computational biology

Background:

Donor selection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation relies on matching human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes.
HLA typing methodologies can yield ambiguous allele assignments, complicating donor identification.
Statistical algorithms and haplotype frequencies are used to infer HLA alleles from ambiguous genotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify and compare the ambiguity of different HLA typing methods.
To evaluate the impact of typing ambiguity on donor selection accuracy.
To introduce a standardized measure for assessing HLA typing method performance.

Main Methods:

Utilized Shannon's entropy, an information theory measure, to estimate HLA typing ambiguity.
Calculated entropy using allele and haplotype frequencies from simulated HLA typing data across four continental populations.
Estimated confirmatory typing mismatch rates for various HLA typing methods.

Main Results:

Single-pass sequencing-based typing (SBT) exhibited the lowest entropy (0.002 using haplotype frequencies), indicating minimal ambiguity.
Older methods like serology showed higher entropy (0.72), signifying greater ambiguity.
Lower entropy correlated with reduced confirmatory typing mismatch rates (e.g., 0.08% for SBT vs. 1.31% for SSO).

Conclusions:

Intermediate-resolution single-pass SBT methods offer the most certainty in HLA allele prediction.
The presented entropy-based measure objectively evaluates HLA typing methods.
This evaluation framework can inform the selection of optimal HLA typing strategies for donor recruitment.