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Related Concept Videos

Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis
06:59

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

Published on: August 11, 2010

Reverse genetic studies using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides.

Yanan Zhao1, Shoko Ishibashi, Enrique Amaya

  • 1The Healing Foundation Centre, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|September 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This protocol enables gene function studies in Xenopus embryos using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs). This method offers high specificity for loss-of-function research in both protein-coding and noncoding genes.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis
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Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish
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Published on: April 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Gene function is critical for understanding biological processes.
  • Loss-of-function studies are essential for validating gene roles.
  • Xenopus embryos are a powerful model for developmental studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a protocol for loss-of-function studies in Xenopus embryos.
  • To detail the use of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) for gene knockdown.
  • To enable functional studies of both protein-coding and noncoding genes.

Main Methods:

  • Antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) targeting translation initiation or mRNA splicing.
  • Microinjection of MOs into Xenopus embryos.
  • Generation of mosaic knockdown embryos using Xenopus fate maps.

Main Results:

  • MOs offer high specificity compared to dominant-negative constructs.
  • Microinjection is a convenient method for MO delivery.
  • The protocol is applicable to both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis.

Conclusions:

  • Antisense MOs provide a powerful and specific tool for Xenopus reverse genetics.
  • This protocol facilitates gene function studies in a well-established developmental model.
  • MOs are versatile for studying diverse gene types, including microRNAs.