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Related Concept Videos

Mouse Models of Cancer Study02:43

Mouse Models of Cancer Study

Mice have long served as models for studying human biology and pathology because of their phylogenetic and physiological similarity with humans. They are also easy to maintain and breed in the laboratory, and hence, many inbred strains are now available for research. Studies on mice have contributed immeasurably to our understanding of cancer biology.
The development of transgenic, knockout, and knock-in mice has led to an exponential increase in their use as model organisms in research,...
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Mechanistic models are utilized in individual analysis using single-source data, but imperfections arise due to data collection errors, preventing perfect prediction of observed data. The mathematical equation involves known values (Xi), observed concentrations (Ci), measurement errors (εi), model parameters (ϕj), and the related function (ƒi) for i number of values. Different least-squares metrics quantify differences between predicted and observed values. The ordinary least squares (OLS)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
12:31

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

Animal models and conserved processes.

Ray Greek1, Mark J Rice

  • 1Americans For Medical Advancement (www,AFMA-curedisease,org), 2251 Refugio Rd, Goleta, CA 93117, USA. DrRayGreek@gmail.com

Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling
|September 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conserved processes in nonhuman animal models offer research opportunities but extrapolation is limited. Inter-species extrapolation is possible only when studying conserved processes at the same organizational level, not at higher, interconnected levels.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
12:31

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biological Complexity
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Medicine

Background:

  • Nonhuman animal models are used in research due to conserved processes.
  • Humans and animals are complex, adaptive systems with differing complexity.
  • The implication of conserved genes/processes for inter-species extrapolation requires examination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the value of nonhuman animal models for studying conserved processes.
  • To assess inter-species extrapolation of traits and responses related to conserved processes in complex living systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature survey across philosophy of science, biological complexity, evolutionary biology, comparative medicine, and drug development.
  • Examination of conserved genes and processes in the context of complex adaptive systems.
  • Analysis of inhalational anesthetic and anti-neoplastic agents' actions.

Main Results:

  • Evolution generates species diversity through conserved components and processes, alongside novel functions.
  • Conserved genes/processes can lead to unique organisms via new combinations or regulation.
  • Complex living systems require a holistic approach, alternating between part-focused and whole-organism analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Inter-species extrapolation is insufficient for traits at higher organizational levels or in different modules.
  • Extrapolation is feasible when conserved processes are studied at the same organizational level and module, amenable to reductionism.