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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or "prometaphase,"...
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
Condensins02:15

Condensins

Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...

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Live Imaging Characterization of Centromere Movements During Male Meiotic Prophase in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Repeatless and repeat-based centromeres in potato: implications for centromere evolution.

Zhiyun Gong1, Yufeng Wu, Andrea Koblízková

  • 1Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

The Plant Cell
|September 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In potato, researchers discovered two types of centromeres: neocentromeres with unique DNA and repeat-based centromeres. This suggests satellite repeats rapidly evolve from neocentromeres, advancing centromere evolution understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Centromeres in higher eukaryotes typically feature satellite repeat arrays.
  • Newly formed centromeres (neocentromeres) often lack satellite DNA and contain unique genomic sequences.
  • The evolutionary path from neocentromeres to satellite repeat-based centromeres remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genome-wide distribution of CENH3 nucleosomes in potato (Solanum tuberosum).
  • To characterize the DNA sequences associated with potato centromeres.
  • To understand the potential evolutionary mechanisms driving centromere diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide characterization of sequences bound by CENH3 nucleosomes in potato.
  • Identification and analysis of DNA repeat structures within centromeric regions.
  • Comparative analysis of centromeric sequences across related Solanum species.

Main Results:

  • Five potato centromeres (Cen4, Cen6, Cen10, Cen11, Cen12) were found to comprise single- or low-copy DNA sequences, resembling neocentromeres, with no satellite repeats detected.
  • These neocentromere-like structures were associated with at least one transcribed gene.
  • Six potato centromeres (Cen1, Cen2, Cen3, Cen5, Cen7, Cen8) contained large, centromere-specific satellite repeat arrays, likely originating from retrotransposon-related sequences and absent in closely related species.

Conclusions:

  • Potato exhibits two distinct centromere types: neocentromeres and satellite repeat-rich centromeres.
  • The findings support a model where repeat-based centromeres can rapidly evolve from neocentromeres through de novo amplification and integration of satellite repeats within CENH3 domains.
  • This study provides insights into the dynamic evolution of centromeric DNA and its potential role in genome plasticity.