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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

Published on: October 30, 2014

A further analysis of olfactory cortex development.

María Pedraza¹, Juan A De Carlos

¹Lab of Telencephalic Development (A-21), Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neuroscience, Instituto Cajal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Madrid, Spain.

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy

|September 13, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

In mouse olfactory cortex development, cell fate is determined by origin. Cell markers in these areas are independent of where the cells came from.

Keywords:

Tbr1 mouse olfactory system pallium subpallium

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

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Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period

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Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

The olfactory cortex (OC) is a conserved brain region with diverse cell populations originating from the developing telencephalon.
These cells are among the earliest differentiating cortical neurons.
Previous studies used birthdating, molecular markers, and cell tracking to analyze OC development.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the origin and adult fate of olfactory cortex cell populations.
To investigate the relationship between cell origin and cell fate in the developing mouse OC.

Main Methods:

Ultrasound-guided in utero injections in mice.
Electroporation of genomic plasmids into lateral ventricle walls.
Analysis of specific cell markers.

Main Results:

Direct evidence shows cell fate in the mouse OC is determined by the precise moment and location of cellular origin.
Pallial and subpallial markers are present in OC regions irrespective of cell origin.

Conclusions:

Cellular origin is a critical determinant of cell fate in the olfactory cortex.
The expression of certain developmental markers is independent of cell lineage in the OC.