[Treatment of infertility--part II (male infertility)]

The main cause for male infertility is oligo-azoospermia. Correct etiological diagnosis of azoospermia is important. If sperm analysis is abnormal, an endocrinological evaluation should be performed. The causes for azoospermia can be divided into obstructive and non-obstructive causes; the differential diagnosis is based on the levels of serum gonadotropins and testosterone. A frequent cause for azoospermia is the use of testosterone or anabolic steroids. However, spermatogenesis generally recovers spontaneously after discontinuing the medication. For other cases of oligo/azoospermia, the most commonly used treatment modalities or antiestrogens, and testicular sperm aspiration or microscopic testicular sperm extraction in association with intracytoplasmic sperm injection.