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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

Protein Transport to the Stroma

Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells
08:32

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells

Published on: March 16, 2017

Endogenous nitric oxide generation in protoplast chloroplasts.

Rajesh Kumar Tewari1, Judith Prommer, Masami Watanabe

  • 1Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan. rktewari_bot@yahoo.com

Plant Cell Reports
|September 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) is generated in plant chloroplasts, potentially by a nitric oxide synthase-like protein. This NO production is crucial for chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development.

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En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries
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En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

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Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
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Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells
08:32

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells

Published on: March 16, 2017

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries
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En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

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Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
08:23

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in plant development, including chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast differentiation.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of NO generation in plant cells is essential for elucidating its physiological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and its associated reactive species in leaf protoplasts and isolated chloroplasts.
  • To identify the enzymatic system responsible for NO production in these plant organelles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized specific fluorescent dyes (DAF-2DA, aminophenyl fluorescein) for NO and peroxynitrite detection.
  • Employed confocal laser scanning microscopy and light microscopy for signal visualization.
  • Investigated the effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and cycloheximide on NO production.

Main Results:

  • NO, peroxynitrite, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected in isolated chloroplasts and protoplasts.
  • NO levels were highest upon protoplast isolation and decreased over time.
  • NO generation was suppressed by NOS inhibitors (L-NNA, PBIT) and cycloheximide, suggesting NOS-like involvement and de novo protein synthesis.
  • Absence of NO/peroxynitrite signals in Atnoa1 mutants confirmed the specificity of the detection methods.

Conclusions:

  • A nitric oxide synthase-like system, rather than nitrate reductase, is likely involved in NO generation within leaf chloroplasts and protoplasts.
  • De novo synthesis of NO-generating proteins may occur during protoplast isolation.
  • NO produced in chloroplasts appears to stimulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast differentiation.