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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Testing endothelial function and its clinical relevance.

Pavel Poredos1, Mateja Kaja Jezovnik

  • 1Department of Vascular Disease, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia. pavel.poredos@kclj.si

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis
|September 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Assessing endothelial dysfunction, crucial for early atherothrombotic disease detection, involves flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and low-flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC) for comprehensive vascular insights. Peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) complements these by evaluating microcirculation function.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

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Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
08:42

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Published on: October 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Vascular Biology
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is an early indicator of atherothrombotic disease, reflecting risk factor burden and genetic susceptibility.
  • Assessing endothelial function is critical for understanding and managing cardiovascular health.
  • Peripheral arteries are accessible for evaluating systemic endothelial dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore various invasive and non-invasive techniques for measuring endothelial function.
  • To highlight the complementary roles of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and low-flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC) in assessing vascular homeostasis.
  • To differentiate the applications of FMD, L-FMC, and peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) in evaluating different aspects of endothelial function.

Main Methods:

  • Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) measures the vasomotor response of peripheral conduit arteries during reactive hyperemia.
  • Low-flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC) quantifies arterial diameter changes in response to reduced blood flow, offering insights beyond nitric oxide pathways.
  • Peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) assesses pulse wave amplitude, reflecting endothelial function in the microcirculation.

Main Results:

  • FMD assesses large artery dilation, while L-FMC provides information on resting arterial tone and non-nitric oxide mediated responses.
  • PAT is primarily used for microcirculation functional assessment, differing from FMD's focus on conduit arteries.
  • While venous endothelial dysfunction assessment is challenging, peripheral arterial measurements offer systemic insights.

Conclusions:

  • Simultaneous FMD and L-FMC determination offers a comprehensive view of vascular homeostasis.
  • Different techniques like FMD, L-FMC, and PAT assess distinct aspects of endothelial function across various vascular beds.
  • Peripheral arterial assessment provides valuable insights into systemic endothelial health, including potential implications for venous function.