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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Changing trends in thyroidectomy.

O Chukudebelu1, A Dias, C Timon

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Royal Victoria Eye & Ear Hospital, Adelaide Rd, Dublin 2. bbchukud@yahoo.com

Irish Medical Journal
|September 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzed 1003 thyroidectomies over 13 years, finding neoplastic masses and compressive symptoms as primary indications. It highlights increasing referrals and low complication rates for thyroid surgery.

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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • General Surgery

Background:

  • Thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure.
  • Understanding indications, referral patterns, and outcomes is crucial for optimizing patient care.
  • A comprehensive review of thyroidectomy data can inform surgical practice and patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the indications, referral trends, and patient demographics for thyroidectomies performed over a 13-year period.
  • To evaluate the histopathology of thyroid specimens and the incidence of post-operative complications.
  • To identify trends in referral sources for thyroidectomy procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 1003 consecutive thyroidectomies performed between 1998 and 2010.
  • Data collected included patient demographics, referral source, symptoms, thyroid status, surgical procedure, histopathology, and post-operative complications.
  • Statistical analysis of collected parameters.

Main Results:

  • The most common indications were neoplastic thyroid masses (78%) and compressive symptoms (12%).
  • Papillary carcinomas were the most frequent malignancy (75.1%).
  • Low post-operative complication rates were observed, including temporary hypocalcemia (6.4%) and permanent hypocalcemia (0.8%), with no mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroidectomy indications are predominantly neoplastic masses and compressive symptoms.
  • There is an increasing trend in referrals from general practitioners and endocrine services.
  • The study demonstrates favorable, low post-operative complication rates for thyroidectomy, comparable to tertiary centers.