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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Measuring Sperm Guidance and Motility within the Caenorhabditis elegans Hermaphrodite Reproductive Tract

Measuring Sperm Guidance and Motility within the Caenorhabditis elegans Hermaphrodite Reproductive Tract

Published on: June 6, 2019

Temporal sampling, resetting, and adaptation orchestrate gradient sensing in sperm.

Nachiket D Kashikar¹, Luis Alvarez, Reinhard Seifert

¹Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany.

The Journal of Cell Biology

|September 19, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sea urchin sperm detect chemical gradients by sampling molecules periodically. They reset their calcium response and adapt sensitivity, enabling sensitive gradient detection over distances.

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Published on: January 22, 2020

Area of Science:

Biophysics
Cellular Biology
Chemosensation

Background:

Sperm navigate chemical gradients using periodic chemoattractant stimulation.
Periodic stimulation leads to calcium (Ca2+) oscillations controlling steering responses.
Mechanisms of molecule sampling and sensitivity adjustment in sperm remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how sperm sample chemoattractant molecules during periodic stimulation.
To understand how sperm adjust their sensitivity to chemical gradients.
To elucidate the role of temporal sampling, resetting, and adaptation in gradient sensing.

Main Methods:

Observation of sea urchin sperm behavior under periodic chemoattractant stimulation.
Measurement of calcium (Ca2+) oscillations and responses.
Analysis of molecular sampling times and sensitivity adaptation.

Main Results:

Sperm sampled molecules for 0.2-0.6 seconds before a Ca2+ response.
Ca2+ responses were reset by subsequent stimulation, initiating a new Ca2+ rise.
Sperm sensitivity adapted post-stimulation according to the Weber-Fechner law.

Conclusions:

Sperm employ temporal sampling, resetting, and adaptation for precise gradient sensing.
Estimated minimal detectable gradient is 0.8 fM/µm, allowing detection up to 4.7 mm.
These mechanisms may be conserved across microorganisms for spatial gradient interpretation.