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Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Challenges in intermetallics: synthesis, structural characterization, and transitions.

Robin T Macaluso¹, Benjamin K Greve

¹University of Northern Colorado, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Greeley, CO 80639, USA. robin.macaluso@unco.edu

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|September 19, 2012

Summary

Rare-earth intermetallics exhibit unique transitions, making them promising for magnetic applications. This review covers synthesis, characterization, and challenges in understanding their structure-property relationships.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Physics
Chemistry

Background:

Rare-earth intermetallics display temperature- and pressure-dependent transitions.
These properties suggest potential for advanced magnetic applications.
Understanding structure-property relationships is crucial for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

To review synthetic routes and characterization advancements for rare-earth intermetallics.
To provide a historical overview of key intermetallic structure types (ThCr2Si2, Heusler, Laves).
To highlight challenges in correlating structure with physical properties.

Main Methods:

Literature review of synthetic methodologies.
Analysis of structural characterization techniques.
Discussion of experimental and theoretical examples.

Main Results:

Advancements in synthesis and characterization of intermetallic compounds are presented.
Key structural types (ThCr2Si2, Heusler, Laves) are examined.
Examples illustrate the complexity of structure-property correlations.

Conclusions:

Continued research is needed to fully understand and exploit rare-earth intermetallics.
Overcoming challenges in structure-property relationships is vital for magnetic applications.
Interdisciplinary approaches are essential for future discoveries.