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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

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Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei
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Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

Published on: January 26, 2011

Telomeres, tethers and trypanosomes.

Mark C Field1, David Horn, Sam Alsford

  • 1Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. mcf34@cam.ac.uk

Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)
|September 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear organization is vital for gene expression. Recent studies reveal nuclear lamins, crucial for heterochromatin organization in animals, are present in diverse eukaryotes, challenging previous assumptions.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

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Published on: January 26, 2011

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nuclear organization, including chromosome territories and subnuclear compartments, is essential for regulating gene expression.
  • Chromatin states (euchromatin and heterochromatin) are linked to DNA activity and nuclear location.
  • Research on nuclear organization has historically concentrated on metazoa and fungi.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of nuclear lamina proteins in diverse eukaryotic lineages beyond metazoa.
  • To understand the evolutionary origins of nuclear organization and its impact on gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics and proteomics to identify lamin orthologs and analogous proteins.
  • Electron microscopy (EM) and biochemical assays to detect heterochromatin and nuclear structures.
  • Analysis of recent technical advances enabling study of divergent eukaryotes.

Main Results:

  • Lamins, previously thought restricted to metazoa, have orthologs in amoeba.
  • Trypanosomatids utilize a protein named NUP-1, which performs functions analogous to lamins.
  • Heterochromatin is biochemically and structurally present in most eukaryotes, but its organizational proteins vary.

Conclusions:

  • The nuclear lamina, and thus a structured nuclear periphery, is more widespread across eukaryotes than previously understood.
  • The presence of lamin-like proteins in diverse lineages has significant implications for the evolution of eukaryotic gene regulation.
  • These findings provide insights into the early evolution of eukaryotic cellular organization and gene expression mechanisms.