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Updated: May 18, 2026
Isometric and Eccentric Force Generation Assessment of Skeletal Muscles Isolated from Murine Models of Muscular Dystrophies
Published on: January 31, 2013
Hysteresis in the electromyography-force relationship: toward an optimal model for the estimation of force
Ernest Nlandu Kamavuako1, Jakob Celander Rosenvang
1Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 D, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark. enk@hst.aau.dk
Introduction:
In this study we analyzed the presence of hysteresis in the relationship between features of electromyography (EMG) and force.
Methods:
Intramuscular EMG and surface EMG (sEMG) were recorded concurrently from the flexor digitorum profundus muscle from 0% to 100% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in 11 subjects. Two features, mean absolute value (MAV) and Wilson amplitude (WAMP), were computed using either the first-order (poly1) or third-order (poly3) polynomial.
Results:
We detected hysteresis in the EMG-force relationship for both features in all subjects. In general, the hysteresis-based models performed better than the overall model (which does not take into account the hysteresis in the EMG-force relationship), with R(2) values about 0.98 (averaged across subjects) and root mean square error around 5% of the MVC force.
Conclusion:
These results imply the existence of a path-dependent model, which may improve the accuracy of force estimation. Muscle Nerve, 2012.
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