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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules01:18

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory appendages like cilia and flagella. In eukaryotic cells, microtubules form specialized extensions for moving fluid over the surface, like those found in cells lining the intestine.
Microtubules have two structurally similar globular protein subunits: α and β tubulins. In the cytosol, the α and β tubulins form a heterodimer. These αβ-heterodimers...
Microtubules01:35

Microtubules

There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
Microtubule Formation01:23

Microtubule Formation

Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation of...
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Extracting Modified Microtubules from Mammalian Cells to Study Microtubule-Protein Complexes by Cryo-Electron Microscopy
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Extracting Modified Microtubules from Mammalian Cells to Study Microtubule-Protein Complexes by Cryo-Electron Microscopy

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Pulsating tubules from noncovalent macrocycles.

Zhegang Huang1, Seong-Kyun Kang, Motonori Banno

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed dynamic supramolecular nanotubules that contract and expand, changing their helical chirality. These self-assembled structures can encapsulate hydrophobic guests like carbon-60 (C60) and respond to external triggers.

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Self-Assembly of Microtubule Tactoids
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Extracting Modified Microtubules from Mammalian Cells to Study Microtubule-Protein Complexes by Cryo-Electron Microscopy
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Self-Assembly of Microtubule Tactoids
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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Achieving dynamic response in synthetic nanometer-scale tubular assemblies is challenging.
  • Existing nanotubule structures often lack responsiveness to external stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize supramolecular nanotubules with dynamic, reversible motion.
  • To investigate the mechanism of contraction-expansion and chiral inversion.
  • To explore the encapsulation of hydrophobic guests within these dynamic tubules.

Main Methods:

  • Self-assembly of bent-shaped aromatic amphiphiles in aqueous solution.
  • Formation of hexameric macrocycles and their subsequent one-dimensional stacking into chiral tubules.
  • Utilizing external triggers to induce reversible sliding of aromatic segments.
  • Encapsulation of hydrophobic guests, specifically carbon-60 (C60).

Main Results:

  • Supramolecular nanotubules exhibiting reversible contraction-expansion motion were successfully synthesized.
  • The dynamic motion was accompanied by a reversible inversion of helical chirality.
  • The nanotubules demonstrated the ability to encapsulate hydrophobic guests like C60 within their aromatic interior.
  • Thermal triggers were used to regulate guest-guest interactions through nanotubule pulsation.

Conclusions:

  • Bent-shaped aromatic amphiphiles can self-assemble into dynamic chiral nanotubules with responsive properties.
  • The observed pulsating motion and chiral inversion offer a novel mechanism for dynamic nanoscale structures.
  • These functional nanotubules show potential for controlled encapsulation and interaction modulation of hydrophobic molecules.