Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 18, 2026

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World
Published on: April 7, 2020
Adults with ADHD-without insomnia history have subclinical sleep disturbance but not circadian delay: an ADHD
Rachel E Fargason1, Abigail Fernandez Hollar, Samantha White
11University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA.
Objective:
To explore the potential ADHD phenotype of ADHD-without reported insomnia in comparison with controls and their tolerance of stimulants in a cohort rigorously screened for comorbidities.
Method:
Adults meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR) criteria for ADHD-without insomnia and matched controls were administered a sleep/medication-timing questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
Results:
Among 105 participants, ADHD participants scored in the mild insomnia range and showed reduced sleep quality compared with controls, F(3, 101) = 34.9, p < .05, but no delay in bedtime/mid-sleep-time circadian measures. Sleep quality was similar between stimulant, nonstimulant, and unmedicated groups, χ(2) 2 = 0.445, p = .80. However, later timing of stimulant dosing was correlated with later sleep times, p < .01.
Conclusion:
We isolated a potential phenotype of ADHD-without circadian delay in adults who demonstrated insomnia/sleep quality disturbance by sleep instrument, but lacked sleep-timing delay. Nevertheless, sleep delays were associated temporally with late-dosed stimulants in this group.
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