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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Inflammation: Introduction01:28

Inflammation: Introduction

Inflammation is a fundamental, protective biological response of vascularized tissues to cellular injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. Its primary function is to eliminate the initial cause of injury, clear necrotic cells and damaged tissue, and initiate the necessary repair processes.Cardinal SignsAcute inflammation presents with classic signs. Redness results from vasodilation and increased blood flow. Heat is due to increased metabolism and circulation. Swelling results from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
12:50

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

Published on: September 15, 2017

Correlational selection on pro- and anti-inflammatory effectors.

Romain Guerreiro1, Anne A Besson, Jérôme Bellenger

  • 1Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Universite´ de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France. romain.guerreiro@u-bourgogne.fr

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Immune responses require balanced regulation. This study reveals that host survival depends on the coordinated action of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune effectors, demonstrating correlational selection in immunity.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
12:50

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

Published on: September 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Immunology
  • Host-parasite interactions

Background:

  • Parasites pose significant threats to host fitness, necessitating robust immune defenses.
  • Immune responses, while protective, can cause self-damage if not properly regulated.
  • Co-evolution of immune up- and down-regulatory mechanisms is crucial for maintaining host fitness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the selective pressures on immune effector regulation following an inflammatory challenge.
  • To determine if correlational selection acts on the interplay between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory mice were subjected to an inflammatory challenge.
  • The study assessed the relationship between the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune effectors and host fitness (survival).

Main Results:

  • Selection favors a combined expression of immune traits.
  • High production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was associated with increased survival only when accompanied by substantial anti-inflammatory effector production.
  • Evidence for correlational selection acting on immune regulation was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Immune system regulation is under correlational selection, balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory responses.
  • Coordinated evolution of immune effectors is essential for optimizing host fitness against threats like parasites.
  • This study provides novel evidence for correlational selection shaping immune system dynamics.