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Related Concept Videos

Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
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Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.

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Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment
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Nonlinear wavelength selection in surface faceting under electromigration.

Fatima Barakat1, Kirsten Martens, Olivier Pierre-Louis

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée et Nanostructures, Université Lyon, Villeurbane, France.

Physical Review Letters
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface electromigration controls crystal surface faceting. Reinforcing instability leads to perpetual coarsening, while stabilizing effects create stable surfaces or cellular patterns, revealing new selection mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Crystal surface faceting is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors.
  • Surface electromigration, the movement of atoms on a surface due to an electric field, is known to affect surface morphology.
  • Previous models suggested instabilities of steady states as the primary mechanism for pattern selection in surface faceting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of surface electromigration in controlling crystal surface faceting.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind pattern selection and morphological evolution under electromigration.
  • To challenge existing theories regarding the selection mechanism of surface patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of crystal surface dynamics under applied electric fields.
  • Simulations of surface electromigration effects on faceting instability.
  • Analysis of pattern selection and coarsening dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Surface electromigration can either reinforce or stabilize crystal surface faceting.
  • When reinforcing instability, perpetual coarsening occurs with a characteristic wavelength increase (t^1/2).
  • Weakly stabilizing electromigration leads to a cellular pattern with a nonlinearly selected wavelength, distinct from previous theories.
  • The observed dynamics involve coarsening preceding the attainment of stable nonequilibrium steady states.

Conclusions:

  • Surface electromigration offers a controllable route to manipulate crystal surface morphology.
  • The study reveals a novel selection mechanism for surface patterns, not driven by steady-state instabilities.
  • The findings provide a deeper understanding of nonequilibrium phenomena in crystal growth and surface evolution.