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Related Concept Videos

Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
05:45

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 10, 2025

Pralatrexate (Folotyn).

William Abramovits1, Marcial Oquendo, Patricia Granowski

  • 1Department of Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

Skinmed
|September 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pralatrexate is a novel antifolate drug approved for relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and transformed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). It offers a new treatment option for these aggressive cancers.

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Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment
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Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

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Subretinal Implantation of RPE on a Carrier in Minipigs: Guidelines for Preoperative Preparations, Surgical Techniques, and Postoperative Care
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Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment
04:48

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Published on: January 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a rare, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) can transform into aggressive PTCL, requiring systemic therapy.
  • Pralatrexate is a Food and Drug Administration-approved antifolate drug for relapsed/refractory PTCL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide dermatologists with focused information on pralatrexate.
  • To review pralatrexate's efficacy in treating relapsed or refractory PTCL and transformed CTCL.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trials and compendia approval for pralatrexate.
  • Pharmacological comparison of pralatrexate with methotrexate.
  • Focus on pralatrexate's mechanism of action as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor.

Main Results:

  • Pralatrexate demonstrates a high affinity for the one carbon-reduced folate carrier, enhancing cellular internalization.
  • The drug exhibits a greater antitumor effect compared to methotrexate.
  • Pralatrexate is approved for relapsed/refractory PTCL and has compendia approval for CTCL treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Pralatrexate represents a novel and effective treatment for patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL.
  • Transformed CTCL necessitates aggressive therapy, for which pralatrexate is a viable option.
  • Dermatologists should consider pralatrexate for eligible patients with these conditions.