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Detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen in blood donors using a new enzyme immunoassay
Alhusain J Alzahrani1, Obeid E Obeid
1Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Insights
A new Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen assay detected HCV in blood donors negative for anti-HCV antibodies. This assay shows promise for identifying early HCV infections in blood donors, reducing transmission risk.
Area of Science:
- Hepatology
- Virology
- Immunology
Background:
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection poses a significant risk in blood transfusions.
- Early detection of HCV is crucial to prevent transmission, especially during the window period.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate a new Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen assay for blood donor screening.
- To correlate HCV core antigen detection with anti-HCV antibody presence.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 898 blood donor samples using a novel HCV core antigen assay.
- Confirmation of positive results with a neutralization assay.
- Comparison of HCV core antigen assay results with standard anti-HCV antibody testing (Abbott MEIA).
Main Results:
- The HCV core antigen assay identified 2% (18/898) positive samples.
- 0.33% (3/898) of samples were confirmed positive by neutralization assay.
- All confirmed HCV core antigen positive samples were negative for anti-HCV antibodies.
Conclusions:
- The new HCV core antigen assay can detect infections missed by antibody testing.
- This assay may identify donors in the HCV window period or with low antibody responses.
- HCV core antigen testing is a valuable tool for enhancing blood donor screening and minimizing HCV transmission risk.
Objectives:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the presence of hepatitis C virus [HCV] core antigen (HCV core Ag) in blood donors at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, using the new HCV core Ag assay, and to correlate this finding with anti-HCV antibodies detected in the same samples using the standard Abbott MEIA(microparticle enzyme immunoassay).
Materials And Methods:
A total of 898 samples from blood donors were analyzed using the new assay prototype designed to detect and quantify total HCV core Ag in serum (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics). Positive results were confirmed by the neutralization assay. The results of the HCV core Ag assay were compared with the results of the standard Abbott MIEA which measures anti-HCV antibody.
Results And Conclusions:
Out of the 898 samples tested, 18 samples were found to be positive by the HCV core Ag assay (2%). Out of these, 3 samples were confirmed positive by the neutralization protocol (0.33%). All the HCV core Ag positive samples were negative for anti-HCV antibodies (using MEIA by Abbott). These 3 donors may have been in the window period of HCV infection, or may be low responders for the HCV antigens, and are thus unable to mount detectable antibody level. The HCV core Ag assay is a potentially useful assay for screening blood donors, which will minimize the risk of using HCV positive blood from a patient in the window period of HCV infection.
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