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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases
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Autoantibody Ordering Patterns Across a Tertiary Hospital: A Retrospective Audit.

Safi G Alqatari1, Mohammed D Al Shubbar1, Amal Alodaini2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd University Hospital, Dammam, Eastern Province, 31441, Saudi Arabia.

Open Access Rheumatology : Research and Reviews
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

Autoantibody testing in Saudi Arabia showed low positivity rates, with most costs from negative results. Targeted diagnostic stewardship could improve efficiency and reduce costs.

Area of Science:

  • Clinical immunology
  • Laboratory medicine
  • Healthcare management

Background:

  • Autoantibody testing is crucial for diagnosing systemic autoimmune diseases.
  • Indiscriminate testing in low pre-test probability settings leads to reduced positivity and increased laboratory costs.
  • Hospital-wide audits of autoantibody ordering practices are scarce, especially in the Gulf region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the test positivity rate of hospital-wide autoantibody testing.
  • To analyze the direct laboratory cost associated with autoantibody testing.
  • To investigate departmental variations in autoantibody test ordering at a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective hospital-wide audit of autoantibody tests ordered across 15 departments.
Keywords:
Saudi Arabiaantinuclear antibodiesautoantibodiescost analysisdiagnostic stewardshiplaboratory utilizationrheumatologytest positivity rate

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  • Data collected from January 1 to April 30, 2024, at King Fahd University Hospital.
  • Comparison of positivity rates and costs between Rheumatology and non-Rheumatology services.

    • Main Results:

    • Overall autoantibody test positivity was 16.3%, with 87% of costs from negative results.
    • Test positivity varied significantly by department, from 26% in Pediatrics to ≤7% in Neurology.
    • Rheumatology demonstrated higher positivity (24.4%) compared to non-Rheumatology services (13.9%).

    Conclusions:

    • Autoantibody ordering patterns differ between specialist and non-specialist services, reflecting pre-test probability application.
    • Targeted diagnostic stewardship, order-menu redesign, and indication-based gating can improve test positivity.
    • These strategies can reduce avoidable costs without limiting clinical access to essential autoantibody testing.