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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
07:22

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

HbA1c in pregnancy.

Dalia Rafat1, Jamal Ahmad

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome
|September 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Strict glycemic control is essential in diabetic pregnancies. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) offers an integrated view of glucose levels, but pregnancy-specific reference ranges are needed for accurate assessment.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Pregnancy involves hormonal and metabolic shifts affecting glucose levels.
  • Strict glycemic control is crucial to reduce maternal and fetal complications in diabetic pregnancies.
  • Blood glucose monitoring has limitations; HbA1c provides a long-term glycemic overview.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of HbA1c for assessing glycemic control in diabetic pregnancies.
  • To highlight the need for pregnancy-specific HbA1c reference ranges.
  • To discuss the clinical implications of updated HbA1c ranges for diabetic pregnancy management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HbA1c measurement during pregnancy.
  • Analysis of recently published studies determining HbA1c reference ranges in pregnancy.

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Published on: March 7, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

  • Comparison of pregnancy-specific HbA1c levels with general population ranges.

    • Main Results:

    • HbA1c offers a valuable, integrated measure of glycemia over time.
    • Existing research on upper normal HbA1c ranges during pregnancy is limited.
    • Recent studies are beginning to establish pregnancy-specific HbA1c reference ranges across trimesters.

    Conclusions:

    • Supplementing blood glucose monitoring with HbA1c is clinically relevant in diabetic pregnancies.
    • Establishing distinct HbA1c reference limits for each trimester is necessary.
    • Accurate glycemic assessment and management in diabetic pregnancies require trimester-specific HbA1c ranges.