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Related Concept Videos

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation01:25

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation

Fluorometers and spectrofluorometers are two types of instruments used for measuring molecular fluorescence. These instruments differ in how they select excitation and emission wavelengths and the type of light sources they utilize. Fluorometers use absorption interference filters to choose excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation source in a fluorometer is typically a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp that emits intense lines distributed throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions.
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence01:26

Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

Fluorescence and phosphorescence are essential phenomena in fields like analytical chemistry, biological imaging, and materials science, where they detect molecular properties and visualize cellular structures. Understanding the variables that influence these luminescent behaviors is crucial for maximizing accuracy and efficiency in their applications. These variables can broadly be grouped into chemical structure, solvent properties, and external conditions, each playing a distinct role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Measuring Diffusion Coefficients via Two-photon Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
07:00

Measuring Diffusion Coefficients via Two-photon Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

Published on: February 26, 2010

Note: a 4 ns hardware photon correlator based on a general-purpose field-programmable gate array development board

Stanislav Kalinin1, Ralf Kühnemuth, Hayk Vardanyan

  • 1Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.32.02, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. stanislav.kalinin@uni-duesseldorf.de

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|October 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

We developed a fast hardware photon correlator using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and a confocal fluorescence setup. This inexpensive, compact device offers high performance for photon correlation spectroscopy applications.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Measuring Diffusion Coefficients via Two-photon Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
07:00

Measuring Diffusion Coefficients via Two-photon Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

Published on: February 26, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Spectroscopy
  • Hardware Engineering

Background:

  • Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) is crucial for analyzing dynamic light scattering.
  • Existing commercial correlators can be expensive and bulky.
  • There is a need for cost-effective and compact photon correlation solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a fast, hardware-based photon correlator using an FPGA.
  • To integrate the correlator with a compact confocal fluorescence setup.
  • To achieve performance comparable to commercial devices at a lower cost.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a dual-unit photon correlator on a low-end FPGA.
  • Achieved a time resolution of 4 nanoseconds (ns).
  • Direct integration with transistor-transistor logic (TTL) signals from photon counting detectors.

Main Results:

  • The FPGA correlator utilizes less than 15% of the FPGA resources.
  • Real-time calculation of auto- and cross-correlation curves.
  • Performance comparable or superior to current commercial devices in sensitivity and speed.

Conclusions:

  • The developed FPGA photon correlator is a cost-effective and compact solution.
  • It offers high performance suitable for various scientific applications.
  • The design allows for easy expansion to multi-color applications.