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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, also known as anticholinesterases, exert their pharmacological effects by enhancing cholinergic transmission in various body parts, including the neuromuscular junction, autonomic cholinergic synapses, and the brain.
At the neuromuscular junction, these agents work by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, allowing it to remain bound to the receptor and bind to nearby receptors. This process leads to repetitive firing of the endplate, causing muscle...

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists exert their pharmacological actions by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine on postsynaptic muscarinic receptors to generate parasympathetic responses. These agents elicit a range of physiological responses, including cardiovascular effects. For example, activation of muscarinic receptors induces bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, reduced peripheral resistance, and consequent hypotension. In the eye, stimulation of M3 receptors leads to smooth muscle...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Forskolin: upcoming antiglaucoma molecule.

V D Wagh¹, P N Patil, S J Surana

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Near Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine

|October 2, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Forskolin, a plant-derived drug, effectively lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) by stimulating adenylate cyclase. Recent studies explore sustained-release formulations for enhanced antiglaucoma efficacy.

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Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Ophthalmology
Natural Products Chemistry

Background:

Forskolin is a diterpenoid from Coleus forskohlii, approved in India in 2006.
It's a lipid-soluble compound that activates adenylate cyclase, impacting cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To review Forskolin as a drug for glaucoma treatment.
To discuss its antiglaucoma potential and recent advancements in drug delivery systems.

Main Methods:

Literature review using databases like PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Google, and MAPA.
Analysis of Forskolin's mechanism of action, drug interactions, and contraindications.

Main Results:

Topical Forskolin reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in various species, including humans.
Forskolin may interact synergistically with certain medications and is contraindicated with ulcer treatments.

Conclusions:

Forskolin demonstrates significant antiglaucoma potential.
Novel ophthalmic inserts and in situ gels are being investigated for sustained drug delivery.