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Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
08:46

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Infectious diseases in Iran: a bird's eye view.

M Askarian1, R Mansour Ghanaie, A Karimi

  • 1Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. askariam@sums.ac.ir

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|October 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Infectious disease deaths have declined in Iran due to improved health standards, though challenges like leishmaniasis and antibiotic resistance persist. Public health efforts must focus on sanitation and responsible antibiotic use.

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Published on: April 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Significant improvements in health standards in Iran over 30 years have shifted mortality causes.
  • The epidemiological landscape has transitioned from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, cancers, and injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the changing patterns of infectious diseases in Iran.
  • To identify persistent infectious disease challenges and areas for public health intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data and health trends in Iran over the past three decades.
  • Analysis of disease incidence and prevalence shifts.

Main Results:

  • Marked reduction in parasitic infections, with no reported dracunculiasis since the mid-1970s.
  • Progress towards schistosomiasis elimination.
  • Ongoing issues with cutaneous leishmaniasis, hepatitis C, HIV, tuberculosis, immunocompromised host infections, hospital-acquired infections, and antibiotic resistance.

Conclusions:

  • While major infectious diseases have declined, specific infections and emerging threats like antibiotic resistance require continued attention.
  • Emphasis on sanitation, clinical practices, and rational antibiotic administration is crucial for future public health strategies.