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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
10:49

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: September 18, 2011

Tips and traps in spinal cord pathology.

G Cosnard1

  • 1Saint-Luc University Clinics, Louvain Catholic University, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Brussels, Belgium. guy.cosnard@yahoo.fr

Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging
|October 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiologists must adapt imaging techniques for spinal pathologies, identifying multifocal lesions and rare malformations. Accurate diagnosis of vascular malformations, tumors, and inflammatory conditions requires specialized knowledge to avoid errors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Effective radiological review of spinal pathologies requires adapting techniques to specific indications.
  • Diagnostic challenges arise from multifocal lesions, malformations like transdural cord herniation, and diastematomyelia.
  • Vascular malformations, particularly dural arteriovenous fistulas, are common sources of diagnostic error.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To guide radiologists in adapting imaging techniques for diverse spinal pathologies.
  • To highlight common diagnostic pitfalls in spinal malformations, vascular diseases, and tumors.
  • To provide characteristics of common spinal tumors and differentiate them from inflammatory pseudotumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of major pathological conditions affecting the spinal cord.
  • Analysis of imaging findings for malformations, vascular diseases, tumors, and inflammatory conditions.
  • Emphasis on adapting radiological techniques and recognizing specific lesion characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Late discovery of transdural cord herniation and diastematomyelia in malformation cases.
  • Dural arteriovenous fistula with perimedullary venous drainage identified as a common, error-prone vascular malformation.
  • Guidance on differentiating medullary cavities, tumoral syringomyelia, common tumors (astrocytomas, ependymomas, etc.), and inflammatory pseudotumors.

Conclusions:

  • Radiologists must master adaptive imaging techniques for accurate spinal pathology diagnosis.
  • Awareness of specific lesion characteristics is crucial for avoiding diagnostic errors in vascular, tumoral, and inflammatory conditions.
  • Systematic review and understanding of differential diagnoses are essential for comprehensive spinal imaging interpretation.