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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
09:43

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Published on: March 20, 2017

Heterodyne detection using spectral line pairing for spectral phase encoding optical code division multiple access

Yi Yang1, Mark Foster, Jacob B Khurgin

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles St, Barton 105, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. yyang30@jhu.edu

Optics Express
|October 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

A new optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) scheme uses spectral line pairing for efficient heterodyne decoding. This method cancels noise and interference, improving performance in phase-encoded systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Communications
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Coherent optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) systems face challenges with speckle noise and multiple-access interference (MAI).
  • Existing heterodyne detection methods often require a local reference signal, adding complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel coherent OCDMA scheme utilizing spectral line pairing for simplified heterodyne decoding.
  • To investigate the system's performance, including the impact of fiber dispersion.

Main Methods:

  • A new OCDMA scheme is proposed using spectral line pairing for signal generation.
  • Sourceless heterodyne detection is performed using a balanced receiver.
  • A 16-user fully loaded phase-encoded system is simulated to validate the scheme.
  • Second and third-order dispersion management is achieved using a spectral phase encoder at the optical network unit (ONU).

Main Results:

  • The proposed scheme effectively cancels speckle noise and MAI through balanced detection.
  • Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the 16-user system.
  • Dispersion management techniques were successfully applied to mitigate fiber dispersion effects.

Conclusions:

  • The novel coherent OCDMA scheme with spectral line pairing offers a promising solution for efficient and robust optical network communication.
  • The system demonstrates effective noise and interference cancellation, with manageable dispersion effects.