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Updated: May 18, 2026

Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish
Published on: March 6, 2014
Model-independent range localization of a moving source in shallow water
S T Rakotonarivo1, W A Kuperman
1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0923, USA. srakotonarivo@ucsd.edu
Abstract:
A method for range localization with a single sensor in an ocean waveguide is derived. Range localization typically requires an accurate environmental acoustics model used for processing acoustic data on a multi-element array. Recently, an alternative method for estimating range has emerged based on the waveguide invariant which still requires either an array of sufficient horizontal extent or data from a moving source for which range rate is known. In analogy to the waveguide invariant derivation, it is shown that the magnitude of the square of the difference between the acoustic field at two different ranges contains information about the range interval, Δr. Since the range interval is manifest in the time interval, Δt between field measurements, range rate can be ascertained. Experimental results confirm this single sensor localization method.
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