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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Order from chaos: single cell reprogramming in two phases.

Guangjin Pan, Duanqing Pei

    Cell Stem Cell
    |October 9, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation is not entirely random. Single-cell analysis reveals distinct early and late phases, offering new strategies for efficient cell reprogramming.

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    Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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    Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

    Published on: November 27, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 18, 2026

    A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
    08:01

    A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

    Published on: August 29, 2020

    Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
    08:56

    Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

    Published on: July 30, 2016

    Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
    09:34

    Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

    Published on: November 27, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Stem cell biology
    • Cellular reprogramming
    • Developmental biology

    Background:

    • Traditionally, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation was viewed as a stochastic process with low efficiency.
    • Previous models suggested a uniform, random progression towards pluripotency.

    Discussion:

    • Buganim et al. (2012) utilized single-cell analyses to challenge the purely stochastic model of iPSC generation.
    • Their findings indicate a two-phase reprogramming process: an initial stochastic phase followed by a hierarchical late phase.

    Key Insights:

    • Reprogramming to pluripotency involves distinct early (stochastic) and late (hierarchical) stages.
    • This hierarchical late phase suggests a more directed or regulated progression towards the pluripotent state.
    • Understanding these phases is crucial for optimizing reprogramming efficiency.

    Outlook:

    • The revised model has significant implications for developing more productive and efficient reprogramming strategies.
    • Future research can focus on targeting the identified phases to enhance iPSC generation.
    • This work opens avenues for improved cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine.