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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
07:08

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

Published on: February 2, 2024

Genomic stability in reprogramming.

Daniel Ronen1, Nissim Benvenisty

  • 1Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|October 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can acquire genetic mutations during reprogramming or culturing, impacting their use in research and regenerative medicine. Careful characterization and culturing are essential to ensure the genomic integrity of iPS cell lines.

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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

Published on: June 10, 2018

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
09:07

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

Published on: June 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genomics
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are crucial for regenerative medicine and research.
  • Assessing the genetic stability of iPS cells is vital for their safe application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the genomic integrity of iPS cells.
  • To identify potential sources of genetic aberrations in iPS cells.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis of iPS cells.
  • Evaluation of chromosomal and single nucleotide mutations.
  • Assessment of telomere length and mitochondrial DNA changes.

Main Results:

  • iPS cells exhibit a tendency for genomic aberrations, including chromosomal trisomies and single nucleotide mutations.
  • Telomere elongation and mitochondrial DNA alterations are observed.
  • Mutations can arise from founder cells, prolonged culturing, or the reprogramming process itself.

Conclusions:

  • The reprogramming process is a significant source of genetic mutations in iPS cells.
  • Thorough initial characterization and careful subsequent culturing are necessary to prevent the use of genetically aberrant iPS cells.
  • Ensuring genomic stability is paramount for the successful clinical translation of iPS cell technology.