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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Preparation and Morphological Analysis of Chick Cranial Neural Crest Cell Cultures
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Preparation and Morphological Analysis of Chick Cranial Neural Crest Cell Cultures

Published on: June 27, 2022

Simple methods for generating neural, bone and endodermal cell types from chick embryonic stem cells.

Sharon Boast1, Claudio D Stern

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and UCL Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, UK.

Stem Cell Research
|October 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new monolayer culture protocols for differentiating chick embryonic stem cells into mesoderm, endoderm, and neuroectoderm. These methods enable direct comparisons between avian and mammalian embryonic stem cell properties.

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Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian embryonic stem cell differentiation protocols are well-established, primarily using monolayer cultures.
  • Avian embryonic stem cells, while capable of forming chimeras and differentiating via embryoid bodies, lack reliable monolayer differentiation methods for all germ layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish reproducible monolayer culture protocols for differentiating chick embryonic stem cells into mesoderm, endoderm, and neuroectoderm.
  • To facilitate direct comparative studies between mammalian and avian embryonic stem cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of three distinct monolayer culture protocols for chick embryonic stem cell differentiation.
  • Induction of differentiation towards specific lineages: mesoderm (bone), endoderm, and neuroectoderm (neurons and glia).

Main Results:

  • Successful differentiation of chick embryonic stem cells into bone, endoderm, and neuroectodermal derivatives using the novel monolayer protocols.
  • Demonstrated reproducibility and simplicity of the developed differentiation methods.

Conclusions:

  • The established monolayer protocols provide a reliable means to differentiate chick embryonic stem cells into derivatives of all three germ layers.
  • These advancements pave the way for enhanced comparative analyses of embryonic stem cell biology across vertebrate species.