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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

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Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
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Ocular neuropathy in peripheral neuropathies.

Ferhat Evliyaoglu1, Remzi Karadag, Ahmet Z Burakgazi

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Okmeydani Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Muscle & Nerve
|October 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Neurological disorders can impair eye movements and pupil function. This review details ocular neuropathy in conditions like diabetic neuropathy and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Ocular movements and coordination depend on integrated somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
  • Neurological disorders impacting these systems can lead to ocular dysfunction, affecting extraocular muscles and pupils.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the prevalence, clinical presentations, and management of ocular neuropathy.
  • To focus on specific peripheral neuropathies associated with ocular complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on ocular neuropathy in peripheral neuropathies.
  • Detailed examination of diabetic neuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory neuropathies, HIV-associated neuropathy, and hereditary neuropathies.

Main Results:

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  • Peripheral neuropathies frequently manifest with ocular complications.
  • Specific neuropathies like diabetic neuropathy and GBS present distinct patterns of ocular dysfunction.
  • Management strategies vary based on the underlying neuropathy and ocular involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Ocular neuropathy is a significant complication of various peripheral neuropathies.
  • Understanding the specific presentations and management is crucial for patient care.
  • Further research into the mechanisms and treatments of ocular neuropathy is warranted.