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MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Experimental RNAi

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...

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Updated: May 17, 2026

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

Published on: October 7, 2025

microRNA-based cancer cell reprogramming technology.

Shimpei Nishikawa¹, Hideshi Ishii, Naotsugu Haraguchi

¹Departments of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy and ; Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

|October 13, 2012

Summary

Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells can be achieved using microRNAs, bypassing the need for protein expression. This microRNA-based approach shows promise for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.

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MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Area of Science:

Epigenetics and molecular biology
Stem cell research
Cancer biology

Background:

Epigenetic modifications are key drivers in cancer development.
Transcription factors like Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc can reprogram somatic cells.
Reprogramming alters malignant cell behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore microRNA-mediated cellular reprogramming.
To assess an alternative to protein-based reprogramming methods.
To evaluate the potential of microRNA technology in regenerative and cancer medicine.

Main Methods:

Forced expression of specific microRNAs in human and mouse somatic cells.
Analysis of cellular reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells.
Evaluation of the elimination of ectopic protein expression.

Main Results:

Successful reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells was achieved using microRNAs.
This method obviates the requirement for introducing exogenous transcription factor proteins.
The reprogramming process modified the malignant phenotype behavior of cells.

Conclusions:

MicroRNA-based reprogramming offers a protein-free alternative for generating induced pluripotent stem cells.
This technology holds significant potential for applications in regenerative medicine.
MicroRNA-based reprogramming may offer novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.