Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Simple, inexpensive and RNase-free purification of plasmid DNA by fractional precipitation with isopropanol.

BioTechniques·2021

Same author

[Letter to the Editor] Accelerated RNA-RNA hybridization by concentrated guanidinium thiocyanate solution in single-step RNA isolation.

BioTechniques·2016

Same author

Alternative splicing of DENND1A, a PCOS candidate gene, generates variant 2.

Molecular and cellular endocrinology·2016

Same author

Combination of native and denaturing PAGE for the detection of protein binding regions in long fragments of genomic DNA.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2013

Same author

Retroelements in human disease.

Gene·2013

Same author

Intronic L1 retrotransposons and nested genes cause transcriptional interference by inducing intron retention, exonization and cryptic polyadenylation.

PloS one·2011

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

Intronic retroelements: Not just "speed bumps" for RNA polymerase II.

Kristel Kaer¹, Mart Speek

¹Department of Gene Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn, Estonia.

Mobile Genetic Elements

|October 13, 2012

Summary

Intronic retroelements like L1 and Alu impact human gene transcription by causing intron retention and exonization. Their regulatory role extends beyond simple "speed bumps," involving complex interactions with host gene transcription.

More Related Videos

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Published on: May 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Published on: May 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Epigenetics

Background:

L1 and Alu retroelements constitute a significant portion of the human genome.
These elements are found in both intergenic and intragenic regions.
They possess regulatory elements influencing gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the complex regulatory role of intronic retroelements on human gene transcription.
To explore mechanisms beyond simple transcriptional interference.

Main Methods:

Analysis of existing data on retroelement distribution and function.
Application of the RNA polymerase kinetic model.
Discussion of potential regulatory factors.

Main Results:

Intronic L1s and Alus can induce intron retention and exonization, affecting gene expression.
Retroelements act as more than just passive "speed bumps" for RNA polymerase.
Transcriptional activity, transcription factor binding, and nucleosomal occupancy are key factors.

Conclusions:

Intronic retroelements impose complex regulatory effects on gene transcription.
These effects are mediated by mechanisms such as intron retention and exonization.
Future research should consider transcription factor binding and nucleosomal occupancy in understanding retroelement-mediated transcriptional interference.