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Related Concept Videos

Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
Conduction System of the Heart01:20

Conduction System of the Heart

The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...
Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...
Location and Orientation of the Heart01:13

Location and Orientation of the Heart

The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Translational Rabbit Model of Chronic Cardiac Pacing
06:14

Translational Rabbit Model of Chronic Cardiac Pacing

Published on: January 6, 2023

Intrapericardial pacemaker in a 2-kilogram newborn.

Juan-Miguel Gil-Jaurena1, Rafael Castillo, Lorena Rubio

  • 1Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain. giljaurena@gmail.com

Cardiology in the Young
|October 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

A child

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric cardiology
  • Medical device implantation
  • Surgical complications

Background:

  • Pacemaker implantation in pediatric patients requires careful consideration of device placement.
  • Subxyphoid approaches are utilized for pediatric pacemaker insertion.

Observation:

  • A 2-kilogram child received a pacemaker via a subxyphoid approach with the generator placed under the rectus sheath.
  • Post-implantation, the pacemaker battery eroded through the abdominal wall and peritoneum.

Findings:

  • Subxyphoid pacemaker implantation with sub-rectus sheath generator placement led to abdominal wall and peritoneal erosion.
  • Emergent system removal and pericardial reimplantation were necessary due to device complications.

Implications:

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

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Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

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  • This case highlights potential risks associated with subxyphoid pacemaker placement in neonates and infants.
  • Alternative generator placement strategies may be necessary to prevent erosion complications in pediatric patients.
  • Close monitoring is crucial following subxyphoid pacemaker implantation in small children.