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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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Determination of Mitochondrial Respiration and Glycolysis in Ex Vivo Retinal Tissue Samples
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Published on: August 4, 2021

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma.

Vicki Chrysostomou1, Fatemeh Rezania, Ian A Trounce

  • 1Centre for Eye Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.

Current Opinion in Pharmacology
|October 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oxidative stress, driven by mitochondrial dysfunction, is increasingly linked to glaucoma pathogenesis. Targeting this oxidative stress may offer new therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection in glaucoma.

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12:59

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

Published on: February 15, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to oxidative stress.
  • Oxidative stress is a known factor in neurodegenerative diseases and has been observed in ocular tissues relevant to glaucoma.
  • Evidence suggests mitochondrial dysfunction is present in some glaucoma patients, implicating it in disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for oxidative stress in glaucoma.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to glaucoma pathogenesis, including retinal ganglion cell loss.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress for optic nerve protection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating oxidative stress in glaucoma.
  • Analysis of experimental models and clinical samples.
  • Examination of cellular and molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced damage.

Main Results:

  • Oxidative stress is demonstrably present in glaucoma, linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Potential mechanisms include direct ROS toxicity and indirect damage via glial cell dysfunction.
  • Therapeutic interventions targeting oxidative stress show promise for neuroprotection.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative stress, stemming from mitochondrial dysfunction, is a significant factor in glaucoma.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Targeting oxidative stress represents a promising therapeutic avenue for glaucoma management.