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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Detection and Quantification of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in Human Plasma Using a Modified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
07:14

Detection and Quantification of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in Human Plasma Using a Modified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: June 16, 2023

Oral calcitonin.

Ronald C Hamdy1, Dane N Daley

  • 1Osteoporosis Center, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA ; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA.

International Journal of Women'S Health
|October 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral calcitonin, despite promising delivery methods, failed in Phase III trials for osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Further research is needed to optimize its use due to complex pharmacokinetic factors.

Keywords:
arthritisfracturesoral calcitoninosteoporosispain

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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Calcitonin, a thyroid hormone, regulates calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing renal calcium excretion.
  • It is clinically used for osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and hypercalcemia.
  • Parenteral or intranasal administration limits patient adherence and clinical utility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and bioavailability of oral calcitonin formulations.
  • To explore calcitonin's potential in managing osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • To understand factors influencing oral calcitonin's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Development of oral calcitonin formulations using drug-delivery carriers like 5-CNAC.
  • Phase III clinical trials investigating oral calcitonin for postmenopausal osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
  • Analysis of factors affecting oral calcitonin bioavailability, including water intake, meal timing, and dose.

Main Results:

  • Oral calcitonin formulations showed initial promise but failed to meet primary endpoints in two Phase III studies.
  • Novartis discontinued further clinical development for osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in 2011.
  • Factors such as water intake, meal proximity, and administration timing significantly impact oral calcitonin efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Oral calcitonin development for osteoporosis and osteoarthritis was halted due to trial failures.
  • Calcitonin's unique ability to uncouple bone turnover is dose-dependent and complex.
  • Further research is essential to optimize calcitonin's administration and explore its full therapeutic potential.