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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
Fluid Movement Between Compartments01:18

Fluid Movement Between Compartments

The force applied by fluids against a surface, known as hydrostatic pressure, initiates the transfer of fluid among different compartments. Within our blood vessels, the blood's hydrostatic pressure is a result of the heart's pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure) exceeds the opposing colloid osmotic pressure created primarily by plasma proteins like albumin. This discrepancy in pressure propels plasma and nutrients from the...
Capillary Exchange01:28

Capillary Exchange

The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular clefts.
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...
Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
08:15

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients

Published on: July 16, 2018

Self-generated diffusioosmotic flows from calcium carbonate micropumps.

Joseph J McDermott1, Abhishek Kar, Majd Daher

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|October 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Calcium carbonate microparticles act as micropumps in water, generating ionic gradients that drive fluid flow. Researchers can control this flow by manipulating particle properties and surface interactions.

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Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
08:15

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients

Published on: July 16, 2018

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
10:46

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

Published on: July 16, 2013

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
08:41

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Calcium carbonate particles are common in nature and geological formations.
  • Diffusioosmosis is a mechanism driving fluid flow along charged surfaces via ion gradients.
  • Understanding particle-driven fluid dynamics is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the micropumping behavior of calcium carbonate microparticles in aqueous solutions.
  • To demonstrate the controllable nature of diffusiophoretic and diffusioosmotic flows generated by these particles.
  • To explore the influence of self-generated ionic gradients and surface zeta potential on fluid dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized calcium carbonate microparticles (∼10 μm) that dissolve to create self-generated ionic gradients.
  • Measured spontaneous electric fields (1-10 V/cm) arising from diffusion coefficient differences.
  • Experimentally manipulated tracer zeta potential, salt gradients, and substrate zeta potential to control flow direction and speed.

Main Results:

  • Calcium carbonate microparticles effectively act as self-powered micropumps.
  • Diffusiophoresis of charged tracers and diffusioosmotic flows along substrates were observed and controlled.
  • Surface zeta potentials were found to be dynamic, varying with time and location due to ion adsorption/desorption, significantly impacting flow.

Conclusions:

  • Self-generated ionic gradients from dissolving calcium carbonate particles drive controllable fluid flows.
  • Engineering particle and surface properties allows for manipulation of diffusiophoretic and diffusioosmotic transport.
  • The dynamic nature of surface zeta potentials is a critical factor influencing these microfluidic phenomena.