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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Particle Templated Emulsification enables Microfluidic-Free Droplet Assays
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Evolution of Pristine Emulsions and Hypothesis Explaining Their Existence.

Andrei Dukhin1, Renliang Xu2, Darrell Velegol3

  • 1Dispersion Technology Inc., 364 Adams Street, Bedford Hills, NY 10507, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pristine emulsions, oil and water without surfactants, show unusual droplet size stabilization. A structured water layer at the interface, explained by a nano-bubble model, prevents unlimited coalescence.

Keywords:
dielectrostatic forcedroplet sizehydrophobic interactionpristine emulsionsurface tensionzeta potential

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Interface Science
  • Emulsion Technology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Pristine emulsions contain only oil and water, differing from surfactant-stabilized or Pickering emulsions.
  • Understanding the long-term stability of these surfactant-free emulsions is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term evolution of a hexadecane-in-water pristine emulsion.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind the unusual droplet size stabilization observed in pristine emulsions.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation and long-term observation of a 4% hexadecane-in-water emulsion.
  • Analysis of droplet size evolution under varying mixing conditions.
  • Application of a theoretical model for nano-bubble stability to explain emulsion behavior.

Main Results:

  • Droplet size in pristine emulsions increases over time, influenced by mixing conditions.
  • Coalescence is limited, reaching a constant droplet size, contrary to typical coalescence behavior.
  • A theoretical model incorporating a structured water layer and dielectrostatic forces accurately predicts observed droplet sizes.

Conclusions:

  • The stability of pristine emulsions can be explained by a model previously used for nano-bubble stability.
  • A structured water layer at the oil-water interface, with dielectrostatic forces, plays a key role in stabilizing droplet size.
  • This model accounts for both the limited coalescence and droplet size stabilization in pristine emulsions.