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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma happens...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis
06:09

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

[Infectious genesis of nephroliths (electron-microscopic study)].

L V Didenko, T S Perepanova, É R Tolordava

    Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999)
    |October 19, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Bacterial biofilms in kidney stones (nephroliths) cause inflammation and fixation, leading to recurrent stone formation. Destroying stones can activate bacteria, causing dangerous septic complications.

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    Last Updated: May 17, 2026

    Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis
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    Published on: July 18, 2017

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    Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes
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    Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes

    Published on: March 4, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Microbiology
    • Materials Science

    Context:

    • Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, affects a significant portion of the population.
    • The formation and recurrence of kidney stones are complex processes involving biological and chemical factors.
    • Understanding the role of microorganisms in stone development is crucial for effective treatment.

    Purpose:

    • To investigate the role of bacterial biofilms in the formation and fixation of kidney stones (nephroliths).
    • To analyze the microstructural characteristics of nephroliths using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray analysis.
    • To identify factors contributing to recurrent nephrolithiasis after stone removal.

    Summary:

    • Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microstructural analysis revealed bacterial biofilms as key factors in kidney stone (nephrolith) formation and fixation.
    • Urease-producing microorganisms and alkaline urine promote crystallization and adherence to the pelvic mucosa.
    • Mechanical trauma and inflammation lead to connective tissue formation, fixing stones and contributing to recurrence.

    Impact:

    • This research highlights how bacteria within biofilms can persist in kidney stones, posing a risk of septic complications upon stone destruction.
    • The persistence of stone fragments and associated connective tissues after lithotripsy or surgery is identified as a primary cause of recurrent nephrolithiasis.
    • Findings emphasize the need for strategies that address the bacterial component of kidney stones to prevent recurrence and manage complications.