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The developing, aging neocortex: how genetics and epigenetics influence early developmental patterning and
1Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA.
Frontiers in Genetics
|October 23, 2012
Summary
Neocortical gene expression and sensory-motor connections shape brain development and function across the lifespan. Changes in gene expression may underlie age-related cognitive decline and brain dysfunction.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Developmental Biology
- Aging Research
Background:
- Mammalian nervous system development involves regionalization into functional subdivisions.
- Neocortical specification arises from intrinsic molecular processes and extrinsic sensory input.
- Gene expression patterns shift throughout development and into adulthood, potentially maintaining regionalization.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review how neocortical gene expression and sensori-motor axonal connections develop and change across the lifespan.
- To explore the role of neocortical gene expression in regulating plasticity and critical periods in aging.
- To discuss age-related changes in gene expression, brain anatomy, and cognitive function.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on neocortical development, gene expression, and aging.
- Analysis of studies detailing changes in gene expression in the aging brain.
- Discussion of factors influencing age-related cognitive decline, including glucocorticoid signaling and immune activation.
Main Results:
- Neocortical gene expression plays a role in maintaining subdivisions established during early development.
- Changes in gene expression are observed in the aging brain, potentially relating to microstructural alterations.
- Altered glucocorticoid signaling and immune system activation are implicated in age-related cognitive and functional decline.
Conclusions:
- Neocortical gene expression regulates plasticity mechanisms impacting sensory and motor function during aging.
- Interventions like caloric restriction and reduced oxidative stress may mitigate brain aging effects.
- Understanding these lifelong changes in gene expression and connectivity is crucial for addressing age-related brain dysfunction.
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