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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Dose-Response Relationship: Overview01:03

Dose-Response Relationship: Overview

Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...
Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy01:22

Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy

The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective concentration or EC50 values of different drugs. A lower EC50 value indicates higher potency of the drug. In the dose–response curve of two antihypertensive drugs, candesartan and irbesartan, a significant difference is observed in their EC50 values. A lower EC50 value for candesartan indicates that it is more potent than irbesartan, as it produces...
Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods01:21

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods

Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...

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Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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Doses from radiation exposure.

H-G Menzel1, J D Harrison

  • 1European Organisation for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland. hans.menzel@cern.ch

Annals of the ICRP
|October 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Committee 2 develops reference data and models for radiation dose assessment. New dose coefficients and computational phantoms are provided for workers and the public.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiological Protection
  • Radiation Dosimetry
  • Biokinetics

Background:

  • ICRP Committee 2 develops methods and data for radiation protection implementation.
  • The 2007 ICRP Recommendations necessitate updated reference biokinetic and dosimetric models.
  • New anatomical phantoms and sex-averaging methods are required for accurate effective dose calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide updated reference data and methods for radiation exposure assessment.
  • To develop new dose coefficients for external and internal radiation exposure.
  • To create reference computational phantoms for various age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Development of reference biokinetic and dosimetric models.
  • Creation of reference anatomical and physiological data.
  • Utilizing medical imaging data for reference anatomical phantoms.
  • Updating nuclear decay data and computational phantoms.

Main Results:

  • Completed new dose coefficients for external worker exposure (ICRP Publication 116).
  • Published updated nuclear decay data (ICRP Publication 107) and adult reference computational phantoms (ICRP Publication 110).
  • Ongoing work on internal dose coefficients for workers and dose coefficients for public exposure using pediatric phantoms.

Conclusions:

  • ICRP Committee 2 is advancing radiation protection standards through updated data and models.
  • New dose coefficients and phantoms will enhance the accuracy of radiation dose assessments.
  • Continued development of reference data supports global radiation protection practices.