Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Postprandial Changes in Thoracic Aortic Flow Detected by 4D Flow MRI May Influence Study Results.

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to "4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement: 2023 update" [Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 25 (2023) 40].

Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance·2026
Same author

Continuous Coagulation Monitoring in Human Blood Samples via Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy.

International journal of nanomedicine·2026
Same author

Simulation of Diaphragmatic Motor Unit Action Potentials Throughout the Respiratory Cycle Using a Dynamic Breathing Model<sup></sup>.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025
Same author

Uptake characteristics of MRI and CT contrast agents in 3D printing materials for vascular phantoms.

3D printing in medicine·2025
Same author

Comprehensive assessment of aortic flow before and after aortic valve replacement in an ex vivo porcine model with four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging.

Interdisciplinary cardiovascular and thoracic surgery·2025
Same journal

A Quantitative Modification of VI-RADS for Bladder Cancer at the Ureteral Orifice: A Reader Study on MRI With Varying Experience Levels.

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
Same journal

Editorial for "Integrating nnU-Net Segmentation and Clinical-Radiomics for Multicenter Prediction of Soft Tissue Sarcoma Grade and Ki-67 Expression".

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
Same journal

Structural MRI Volumetry Index for Differentiation of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy From Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Atrophy by Automatic Segmentation: A Comparison With Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index.

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
Same journal

Integrating nnU-Net Segmentation and Clinical-Radiomics for Multicenter MRI-Based Assessment of Soft Tissue Sarcoma Grade and Ki-67 Expression.

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
Same journal

Optimization of Respiratory Training Methods for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
Same journal

Editorial for "Voxel-Wise Radiomics Habitat Analysis of Post-Treatment Gliomas for Noninvasive Differentiation of True Progression and Pseudoprogression".

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11:16

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: February 25, 2022

4D flow MRI.

Michael Markl1, Alex Frydrychowicz, Sebastian Kozerke

  • 1Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. mmarkl@northwestern.edu

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|October 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Four-dimensional flow MRI (4D flow MRI) advances blood flow imaging beyond traditional 2D methods. This technique enables comprehensive 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of complex blood flow dynamics across various vascular territories.

More Related Videos

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation
06:56

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Published on: January 7, 2021

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
09:57

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

Published on: January 18, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11:16

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: February 25, 2022

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation
06:56

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Published on: January 7, 2021

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
09:57

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

Published on: January 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Traditional phase contrast (PC) MRI methods typically capture 2D, single-directional flow.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) spatial encoding combined with three-directional velocity encoding (4D flow MRI) is emerging.
  • 4D flow MRI allows visualization of temporal blood flow evolution in a 3D volume.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current 4D flow MRI methodologies.
  • To highlight advancements in data acquisition and analysis.
  • To present the clinical potential of 4D flow MRI across diverse anatomical regions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on 4D flow MRI techniques.
  • Discussion of data acquisition strategies including Cartesian and radial methods.
  • Overview of acceleration, cardiac gating, and respiratory control approaches.

Main Results:

  • 4D flow MRI provides comprehensive, time-resolved 3D blood flow data.
  • Methodological improvements facilitate faster acquisition times for larger vascular territories.
  • Various analytical tools are available for quantitative flow assessment and visualization.

Conclusions:

  • 4D flow MRI represents a significant advancement over traditional PC-MRI.
  • The technique offers broad potential for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular and other vascular diseases.
  • Future applications span from the head to peripheral vasculature.