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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

[Thyroid nodule: benign or malignant?].

F Liénart1

  • 1Service de Médecine Interne, C.H.U. Tivoli, La Louvière. flienart@chu-tivoli.be

Revue Medicale De Bruxelles
|October 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid nodules are common, but most are benign. Guidelines help differentiate benign from malignant nodules using history, thyroid tests, and imaging like ultrasound (US) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) to avoid unnecessary surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Radiology
  • Diagnostic Imaging
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Thyroid nodules are highly prevalent, affecting up to 67% of adults upon cervical echography.
  • Malignancy is rare, accounting for only 5% of thyroid nodules, underscoring the need for accurate diagnostic strategies to prevent overtreatment.
  • Current diagnostic approaches rely on clinical guidelines from major endocrinology and thyroid associations, emphasizing evidence-based practices.

Purpose:

  • To present a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules based on 2010 AACE, AME, and ETA clinical practice guidelines.
  • To highlight the role of patient history, thyroid function tests, and imaging modalities in assessing malignancy risk.
  • To detail the diagnostic performance of thyroid echography and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in nodule characterization.

Summary:

  • Thyroid nodules are common, with malignancy rare (5%). Patient history, thyroid tests (TSH, antibodies), and scintigraphy provide initial risk assessment.
  • Thyroid echography, particularly using the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS), offers significant diagnostic accuracy (up to 94%).
  • Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), guided by echography, is crucial for surgical decision-making, achieving high negative predictive value for benign diagnoses (92%) and positive predictive value for cancer (100%).

Impact:

  • Facilitates informed clinical decision-making for thyroid nodule management, aiming to reduce unnecessary surgeries.
  • Provides a structured approach to diagnosis, integrating clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging findings.
  • Improves patient outcomes by enabling timely and appropriate surgical intervention for malignant nodules while avoiding risks associated with benign ones.